禽肉為人類攝食的食品之一，其在飼養過程中已長期使用抗生素，而具有抗藥性之微生物則會經由食物鏈傳播至人體，導致治療上之困難。本研究旨在探討從烏骨雞中分離出之大腸桿菌及沙門氏菌其盛行率狀況、對抗生素抗藥性現象，進而利用蛋白質體學之分析方式評估具抗藥性菌株在抗生素存在情況下所產生抗藥性之相關蛋白質。本實驗收集烏骨雞樣品，樣品型態包含冷凍肉、冷藏肉及內臟樣品共 60 個。接著分離樣品上之大腸桿菌及沙門氏菌，藉由菌株特異性基因利用 PCR 方式及利用 API 生化鑑定套組進行分離菌株之鑑定，再利用多價 O 抗原血清將沙門氏菌進行血清分群。鑑定完成後將分離菌株對 12 種抗生素進行藥敏性測試，並挑選對 Ciprofloxacin (CIP) 具明顯抗性之菌株進行蛋白質體學之分析。結果顯示，樣品中共分離出 26 株大腸桿菌，檢出比例為 43%；樣品共分離 10 株沙門氏菌，檢出比例為 17%。沙門氏菌血清群以 B 血清群為最多，佔 50%，其次為 A 血清群，佔了 30%，其中有 2 株未分群。三種樣品類型中冷藏樣品其分離率最高，其次為內臟樣品，分離率最低的為冷凍樣品。在藥敏性結果的部分為 26 株大腸桿菌及 10 株沙門氏菌超過 90% 以上之分離菌株對 Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, Ampicillin, Streptomycin, Trimethoprim, Tetracycline, Sulfisoxazole, Doxycycline, Florfenicol 及 Chloramphenicol 具有高度抗性；對 Nalidixic acid 及 Ciprofloxacin (CIP) 顯示出較低程度抗性；皆未對 Meropenem 產生抗性。96% 大腸桿菌分離菌株及所有的沙門氏菌分離菌株皆為多重抗藥性菌株。在大腸桿菌分離菌株中，其中 7 株對 CIP 具有抗性，其 MIC 範圍由 0.015 至大於 256 µg/mL，高於抗性標準 64 倍以上；在沙門氏菌分離菌株中，其中 4 株對 CIP 具有抗性，其 MIC 範圍由 0.03 至 32 µg/mL，高於抗性標準 32 倍，將挑選其中大腸桿菌及沙門氏菌各兩株進行蛋白質體學分析。由實驗結果得知，在抗藥性大腸桿菌的部分菌株可能透過嘧啶代謝等途徑表現增加，代謝途徑、胺基酸代謝等途徑表現下降及降低細胞外膜的通透性，而沙門氏菌的部分發現菌株可能會透過核醣體、胺醯-tRNA 途徑、嘌呤及嘧啶代謝等途徑表現增加，而在檸檬酸循環、次級代謝產物生合成等途徑表現下降提高菌株對 CIP 之抗性。綜上所述，共分析出臺灣烏骨雞微生物盛行率、抗藥性狀況及具有高多重抗藥性之情形，並透過蛋白質體學之方式更加瞭解抗藥性菌株產生抗藥性的全面性反應及其機制。

Poultry is one of the primary sources of nutrition in human life. Antibiotics have been used for a long time in poultry farming, which could increase antimicrobial resistance among microorganisms. In addition, antibiotic resistance microorganisms can be transmitted to the human through the food production chains, increasing the risks of infection and burdens of treatments. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from silky chickens. 60 poultry samples, including frozen meat, fresh meat and organs, were collected from food processing companies and markets for the screening of E. coli and Salmonella isolates. The isolates were confirmed using PCR method targeted to strain-specific genes; in addition, O antiserum was used Salmonella serogroup identification. 26 E. coli (43%) and 10 Salmonella (17%) strains were isolated and identified, and most Salmonella isolates were grouped into B serogroup (50%), followed by A serogroup (30%). Among the three sample types, fresh poultry had the highest occurrence of isolated E. coli and Salmonella, and it was followed by the organs samples, and frozen meats. The isolated microbial strains were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using broth dilution method, and 96% of E. coli and all Salmonella isolates were identified as multiple drug resistant strains. Most E. coli and Salmonella isolates showed resistance to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, ampicillin, streptomycin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, sulfisoxazole, doxycycline, florfenicol and chloramphenicol; fewer isolates showed resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin (CIP), and no resistance to meropenem was observed among all isolates. Two isolates from E. coli and Salmonella individually with the highest CIP resistant were selected for proteomic analysis. It was observed that pyrimidine metabolism pathway was up-regulated, and the metabolic pathways, amino acid metabolism, and membrane permeability were down-regulated in the E. coli CIP-resistant isolates treated with CIP. Moreover, to treat the Salmonella CIP-resistant strains could up-regulated ribosome expressions, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and purine/pyrimidine metabolism, and down-regulated the citric acid cycle and secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathway. In conclusion, this study indicated high prevalence and multidrug resistance among the E. coli and Salmonella in Taiwan Silkie Chicken, and the proteomics analysis advances our understanding of the mechanisms the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics.

謝誌 I
摘要 II
Abstract III
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VI
表目錄 VII
附錄目錄 VIII
縮寫表 IX
壹、 前言 1
貳、 文獻整理 2
2.1 細菌抗生素抗藥性 2
2.1.1 抗生素 2
2.1.2 抗藥性傳播途徑 7
2.1.3 抗藥性產生之機制 9
2.2 常見抗藥性之食源性微生物 11
2.2.1 大腸桿菌 11
2.2.2 沙門氏菌 12
2.2.2 金黃色葡萄球菌 14
2.2.3 彎曲桿菌屬 14
2.2.4. 腸球菌屬 15
2.3 抗藥性微生物在臨床治療上之影響 16
2.4 飼料動物 17
2.4.1 抗生素使用狀況 18
2.4.2 家畜 19
2.4.3 家禽 19
2.4.4 烏骨雞 19
2.5 抗藥性微生物之分析與鑑定 20
2.5.1 菌株鑑定 20
2.5.2 菌株血清型鑑定 21
2.5.3 菌株抗藥性及抗藥性基因鑑定 21
參、 實驗設計 24
肆、 材料與方法 25
4.1 實驗材料 25
4.1.1 實驗樣品來源及採樣 25
4.1.2 實驗菌株 25
4.1.3 培養基 25
4.1.4 反應緩衝溶液 27
4.1.5 抗生素 27
4.1.6 化學藥品 28
4.1.7 試劑套組 28
4.1.8 酵素 28
4.1.9 實驗儀器與耗材 28
4.2 實驗方法 30
4.2.1 採集樣品 30
4.2.2 菌株分離 30
4.2.3 菌株保存 30
4.2.4 菌株活化 31
4.2.5 菌株生長曲線 31
4.2.6 菌株鑑定 31
4.2.7 菌株抗藥性試驗 34
4.2.8 蛋白體分析 34
4.2.9 蛋白質結果資料分析 35
伍、 結果與討論 36
5.1 烏骨雞樣品中分離菌株之分離率 36
5.1.1 大腸桿菌分離率 36
5.1.2 沙門氏菌分離率 36
5.2 抗生素抗藥性試驗結果 37
5.2.1 標準菌株之生長曲線 38
5.2.2 大腸桿菌分離菌株抗藥性結果 38
5.2.3 沙門氏菌分離菌株抗藥性結果 40
5.3 抗藥性菌株蛋白質體學分析 42
5.3.1 對 Ciprofloxacin 具抗藥性大腸桿菌分離菌株蛋白質體學分析 43
5.3.2 對 Ciprofloxacin 具抗藥性沙門氏菌分離菌株蛋白質體學分析 46
陸、 結論 50
柒、 參考文獻 51
捌、 圖表 67
玖、 附錄 97

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